{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Chapter 2: Taking Earth's Temperature" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Part I: It’s getting hot(ter) in here: Long-Term Development of Global Earth Temperature Since 1850" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Imagine a doctor’s thermometer, but one that’s designed to gauge the health of our planet. As a fever reveals a person’s illness, Earth’s rising temperature exposes a global condition that’s equally concerning. This chapter, much like a medical investigation, unfolds the diagnosis of Earth’s thermal well-being.\n", "\n", "The previous chapter delved into the enigmatic world of greenhouse gases (GHGs), namely carbon dioxide and methane, elucidating how their concentrations are increasing in our atmosphere. Now, we turn our lens to scrutinise the surface temperature of our Earth, which is also on the rise, a tell-tale symptom of increasing GHGs.\n", "\n", "We have divided this chapter into three notebooks, each focusing on a distinctive aspect:\n", "\n", "1. Long-Term Development of Global Earth Temperature Since 1850 ([this notebook](#part-one))\n", "2. Comparing Reanalysis with Observations since 1950\n", "3. Visualising Recent Temperature Anomalies" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "
Run the tutorial via free cloud platforms: | \n", "\n",
" | \n",
" \n",
" | \n",
" \n",
" | \n",
"
---|
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (time: 2083, lat: 36, lon: 72, z: 1)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-07-01\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -87.5 -82.5 -77.5 -72.5 -67.5 ... 72.5 77.5 82.5 87.5\n", " * lon (lon) float32 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 ... 342.5 347.5 352.5 357.5\n", " * z (z) float32 0.0\n", "Data variables:\n", " anom (time, z, lat, lon) float32 ...\n", "Attributes: (12/66)\n", " Conventions: CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3\n", " title: NOAA Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Te...\n", " summary: NOAAGlobalTemp is a merged land-ocean su...\n", " institution: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/National Centers for Env...\n", " id: gov.noaa.ncdc:C00934 \n", " naming_authority: gov.noaa.ncei \n", " ... ...\n", " time_coverage_duration: P173Y7M\n", " references: Vose, R. S., et al., 2012: NOAAs merged ...\n", " climatology: Climatology is based on 1971-2000 monthl...\n", " acknowledgment: The NOAA Global Surface Temperature Data...\n", " date_modified: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z\n", " date_issued: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (time: 2083, lat: 36, lon: 72)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-07-01\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -87.5 -82.5 -77.5 -72.5 -67.5 ... 72.5 77.5 82.5 87.5\n", " * lon (lon) float32 -177.5 -172.5 -167.5 -162.5 ... 167.5 172.5 177.5\n", "Data variables:\n", " anom (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n", "Attributes: (12/66)\n", " Conventions: CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3\n", " title: NOAA Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Te...\n", " summary: NOAAGlobalTemp is a merged land-ocean su...\n", " institution: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/National Centers for Env...\n", " id: gov.noaa.ncdc:C00934 \n", " naming_authority: gov.noaa.ncei \n", " ... ...\n", " time_coverage_duration: P173Y7M\n", " references: Vose, R. S., et al., 2012: NOAAs merged ...\n", " climatology: Climatology is based on 1971-2000 monthl...\n", " acknowledgment: The NOAA Global Surface Temperature Data...\n", " date_modified: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z\n", " date_issued: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (time: 2083, lat: 36, lon: 72)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-07-01\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -87.5 -82.5 -77.5 -72.5 -67.5 ... 72.5 77.5 82.5 87.5\n", " * lon (lon) float32 -177.5 -172.5 -167.5 -162.5 ... 167.5 172.5 177.5\n", "Data variables:\n", " anom (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n", " lsm (lat, lon) bool True True True True ... False False False False\n", "Attributes: (12/66)\n", " Conventions: CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3\n", " title: NOAA Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Te...\n", " summary: NOAAGlobalTemp is a merged land-ocean su...\n", " institution: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/National Centers for Env...\n", " id: gov.noaa.ncdc:C00934 \n", " naming_authority: gov.noaa.ncei \n", " ... ...\n", " time_coverage_duration: P173Y7M\n", " references: Vose, R. S., et al., 2012: NOAAs merged ...\n", " climatology: Climatology is based on 1971-2000 monthl...\n", " acknowledgment: The NOAA Global Surface Temperature Data...\n", " date_modified: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z\n", " date_issued: 2023-08-08T15:26:56Z
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (lon: 360, lat: 180, time: 2079, month_number: 12)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * lon (lon) float32 -179.5 -178.5 -177.5 -176.5 ... 177.5 178.5 179.5\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -89.5 -88.5 -87.5 -86.5 ... 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-03-01\n", "Dimensions without coordinates: month_number\n", "Data variables:\n", " land_mask (lat, lon) float64 ...\n", " temperature (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n", " climatology (month_number, lat, lon) float32 ...\n", "Attributes:\n", " Conventions: Berkeley Earth Internal Convention (based on CF-1.5)\n", " title: Native Format Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature A...\n", " history: 20-Apr-2023 07:02:14\n", " institution: Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature Project\n", " land_source_history: 05-Apr-2023 08:20:01\n", " ocean_source_history: 20-Apr-2023 05:22:16\n", " comment: This file contains Berkeley Earth surface temperat...
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (lat: 90, lon: 180, time: 1723)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -89.0 -87.0 -85.0 -83.0 ... 83.0 85.0 87.0 89.0\n", " * lon (lon) float32 -179.0 -177.0 -175.0 -173.0 ... 175.0 177.0 179.0\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1880-01-01 1880-02-01 ... 2023-07-01\n", "Data variables:\n", " tempanomaly (time, lat, lon) float32 nan nan nan nan ... 0.24 0.24 0.24\n", " mask (lat, lon) float64 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0\n", "Attributes:\n", " long_name: Surface temperature anomaly\n", " units: K\n", " cell_methods: time: mean
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (time: 2082, lat: 36, lon: 72, realization: 10)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-06-01\n", " * lat (lat) float64 -87.5 -82.5 -77.5 -72.5 ... 72.5 77.5 82.5 87.5\n", " * lon (lon) float64 -177.5 -172.5 -167.5 -162.5 ... 167.5 172.5 177.5\n", " * realization (realization) int64 1 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n", "Data variables:\n", " mean (time, lat, lon) float64 ...\n", " weights (time, lat, lon) float64 ...\n", " ensemble (realization, time, lat, lon) float64 nan nan ... 0.3561 0.3569
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (lon: 1440, lat: 721, time: 876)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * lon (lon) float32 -180.0 -179.8 -179.5 -179.2 ... 179.2 179.5 179.8\n", " * lat (lat) float32 -90.0 -89.75 -89.5 -89.25 ... 89.25 89.5 89.75 90.0\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1950-01-01 1950-02-01 ... 2022-12-01\n", "Data variables:\n", " t2m (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(876, 27, 720), meta=np.ndarray>\n", " lsm (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(876, 27, 720), meta=np.ndarray>\n", "Attributes:\n", " Conventions: CF-1.6\n", " history: 2023-07-18 21:45:16 GMT by grib_to_netcdf-2.25.1: /opt/ecmw...
<xarray.Dataset>\n", "Dimensions: (time: 2082, realization: 10)\n", "Coordinates:\n", " * time (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2023-06-01\n", " * realization (realization) int64 1 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n", "Data variables:\n", " HadCRUT (time) float64 -1.962 -0.6203 -1.374 ... 2.094 2.331 1.309\n", " HadCRUT_ensemble (realization, time) float64 -2.02 -0.3699 ... 2.168 1.19\n", " Berkeley (time) float64 -1.055 0.07 0.6092 0.2195 ... nan nan nan\n", " GISTEMP (time) float64 nan nan nan nan ... 2.965 2.102 2.159 1.558\n", " NOAA (time) float64 -1.497 -0.4415 -1.032 ... 1.795 2.349 1.141\n", " ERA5 (time) float32 nan nan nan nan nan ... nan nan nan nan nan